15 Our improved methods, including double data extraction of the original language articles together with adjustment for individual extractors' accuracy in extracting English articles provides better confidence in our conclusions. With the exception of Spanish, the findings of this analysis are generally consistent with, but more robust than, a similar analysis done as a pilot study. With the exception of Japanese (where we found that extraction was fairly accurate) difference across languages was similar to the findings of machine translation experts for general translation “that translations between European languages are usually good, while those involving Asian languages are often relatively poor.” 13 The least accurate data extractions resulted from translated Chinese articles. Specifically, extractions of Spanish articles were most accurate, followed by fairly accurate extractions from German, Japanese, and French articles.
The accuracy of translation was heavily dependent on the original language of the article. Our results showed that using Google Translate to translate medical articles in many cases may be feasible and not a resource-intensive process that leads to operationally workable English versions.
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